介绍： a new class of drug that could prevent depression and PTSD
可以预防抑郁和创伤后应激障碍的新型药物

00:00
So the first antidepressants were made from, of all things, rocket fuel, left over after World War II. Which is fitting, seeing as today,one in five soldiers develop depression, or post-traumatic stress di...

介绍： a new class of drug that could prevent depression and PTSD
可以预防抑郁和创伤后应激障碍的新型药物

00:00
So the first antidepressants were made from, of all things, rocket fuel, left over after World War II. Which is fitting, seeing as today,one in five soldiers develop depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder or both.
抗忧郁药的诞生是由第二次世界大战所留下的火箭燃料所制成的。相符的，就像今天有五分之一军人罹患了忧郁症，或创伤后压力症候群或两者皆得。

00:20
But it's not just soldiers that are at high risk for these diseases. It's firefighters, ER doctors,cancer patients, aid workers, refugees -- anyone exposed to trauma or major life stress.
但，不只是军人是高危险族群。消防员、急诊医生、癌症患者、援助工作者和难民等--任何
暴露于精神创伤或重大压力下的人都可能罹患。

00:33
And yet, despite how commonplace these disorders are, our current treatments,if they work at all, only suppress symptoms.
然而尽管这些疾病很普遍，我们目前所有的治疗方法，如果它们真的有效的话，就只能是抑制症状。

00:44
In 1798, when Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine -- it happened to be for smallpox -- he didn't just discover a prophylactic for a disease, but a whole new way of thinking: that medicine could prevent disease.
1798年，爱德华·詹纳发现了首支yi苗--碰巧是用于天花上--他发现的不仅是一种疾病的预防用药，而是一种全新的思维方式：药物可以预防疾病。

00:59
However, for over 200 years, this prevention was not believed to extend to psychiatric diseases. Until 2014, when my colleague and I accidentally discovered the first drugs that might prevent depression and PTSD.
然而，200多年来，人们却不认为这种预防药物可扩展运用到精神疾病。直到2014年，我和我的同事偶然发现第一批可能预防忧郁症和创伤后压力症的药物。

01:13
We discovered the drugs in mice, and we're currently studying whether they work in humans. And these preventative psychopharmaceuticals are not antidepressants. They are a whole new class of drug.
我们从老鼠试验中发现的，目前我们在研究它们是否适用于人类。而这些预防性的精神药物不是抗忧郁药。它们是一类全新的药物。

01:26
And they work by increasing stress resilience, so let's call them resilience enhancers. So think back to a stressful time that you've since recovered from. Maybe a breakup or an exam,you missed a flight.
其效用是增强人们的耐压复原力，所以我们称之为复原力增强剂。回想一下你处于紧张状态恢复过来的时刻。也许由分手、考试或是你错过班机所引起。

01:39
Stress resilience is the active biological process that allows us to bounce back after stress. Similar to if you have a cold and your immune system fights it off. And insufficient resilience in the face of a significant enough stress or, can result in a psychiatric disorder,such as depression.
耐压复原力是我们承受压力后，能够具韧性反弹的生物过程。类似于如果我们感冒了，免疫系统会对抗一样。当面对严重的压力却无法有足够的韧性反弹时，能导致精神疾病，如忧郁症。

01:56
In fact, most cases of major depressive disorder are initially triggered by stress. And from what we've seen so far in mice, resilience enhancers can protect against purely biological stress hormones, like stress hormones, and social and psychological stressors,like bullying and isolation.
事实上，多数主要的忧郁症是有压力所引发的。目前我们从老鼠身上所看到的情况是，复原力增强剂可防止单纯的生物性压力，像压力荷尔蒙以及社会和心理压力，如欺凌与孤立。

02:15
So here is an example where we gave mice three weeks of high levels of stress hormones.
以下的例子是我们给老鼠三周高剂量的压力荷尔蒙。

02:22
So, in other words, a biological stressor with’lout a psychological component. And this causes depressive behavior.
换句话说，没有参杂心理因素的生物压力。这同样导致忧郁行为。

02:28
And if we give three weeks of antidepressant treatment beforehand, it has no beneficial effects. But a single dose of a resilience enhancer given a week before completely prevents the depressive behavior. Even after three weeks of stress.
如果我们预先给予三周的抗忧郁治疗，这并没有任何助益。但在一周前给予单剂量的复原力增强剂，就能完全预防忧郁的行为。即使经过三周的压力后。

02:47
This is the first time a drug has ever been shown to prevent the negative effects of stress.Depression and PTSD are chronic,often lifelong, clinical diseases. They also increase the risk of substance abuse, homelessness, heart disease, Alzheimer's, suicide.
这是药物第一次出现能够预防压力形成负面影响的效果。忧郁症和创伤后压力症候群，通常始终慢性、终生的疾病。患者还会增强滥用药物、无家可归、心脏病、老年痴呆和自杀等风险。

03:06
The global cost of depression alone is over three trillion dollars per year. But now, imagine a scenario where we know someone is predictively at high risk for exposure to extreme stress. Say, a red cross volunteer going into an earthquake zone.
全球每年光是抑郁症的费用就超过3兆美元。但现在想象一下，我们预知某人将会处于极端压力处于极端压力的风险下。比如，一名红十字志工进入震灾区。

03:23
In addition to the typhoid vaccine, we could give her a pill or an injection of a resilience enhancer before she leaves. So when she is held at gunpoint by looters or worse, she would at least be protected against developing depression or PTSD after the fact.
在她离开前，除了伤寒yi苗，我们可以给她一颗药丸或注射复原力增强yi苗。所以，当她被抢劫者持枪恐吓或遇到更糟的情况时，至少可以防止在事后患上忧郁症或创伤后压力症候群。

03:39
It won't prevent her from experiencing the stress, but it will allow her to recover from it. And that's what's revolutionary here. By increasing resiliency, we can dramatically reduce her susceptibility to depression and PTSD, possibly saving her from losing her job,her home, her family or even her life.
复原力增强剂不能阻止她经历这种压力，但会让她从中恢复过来。这就是革命性所在。通过提高对压力的弹性，我们可以大大降低她抑郁症和创伤后压力症的发病机率，可能防止她失去工作、家庭、家人，升值是生命。

04:00
After Jenner discovered the smallpox vaccine, a lot of other vaccines rapidly followed. But it was over 150 years before a tuberculosis vaccine was widely available. W-h-y? In part because society believed that tuberculosis made people more sensitive and creative and empathetic.
詹纳发现天花yi苗后，许多其他yii苗迅速接连问世。但过了150年后，结核病yi苗才被广泛、普及地使用。为什么呢？部分原因是社会相信结核病使人们更敏感、富创造性和同理心。

04:22
And that it was caused by constitution and not biology. And similar things are still said today about depression. And just as Jenner's discovery opened the door for all of the vaccines that followed after, the drugs we've discovered open the possibility of a whole new field: preventative psychopharmacology.
它是由体质，而非生物学所引发的。现今对忧郁症仍然有类似的想法。正如詹纳的发现为之后的yi苗开启了大门而我们发现的药物，可能开启了一个全新领域：预防性精神药理学。

04:44
But whether that's 15 years away, or 150 years away, depends just on the science, but on what we as a society choose to do with it.
但结果是否要等15年，或150年，不仅仅取决于科学，也要取决于我们这个社会选择要如何看待处理。

Thank you.