介绍： Is music inherently human? Not necessarily. Animals have music.
音乐是人类固有的吗？不一定。动物也有音乐。

And once you widen the lens as widely as possible, see the big picture where sapien music comes from, the cosmic joke, the irony is that, humans aren't very musical at all.
一旦你把视野尽可能打开，看到智...

介绍： Is music inherently human? Not necessarily. Animals have music.
音乐是人类固有的吗？不一定。动物也有音乐。

And once you widen the lens as widely as possible, see the big picture where sapien music comes from, the cosmic joke, the irony is that, humans aren't very musical at all.
一旦你把视野尽可能打开，看到智慧音乐起源的大图景，就会发现这个宇宙笑话：讽刺的是，人类根本就不擅长音乐。

And we know this because we evolved along the ape line- and apes compared to birds, are not musical.
这么说是因为我们是沿着猿类进化而来的——与鸟类相比，猿类没有音乐能力。

How can I say that? Birds have vocal learning.
我怎么能这么说呢?鸟类有发声的能力。

They can creatively learn new songs.
它们可以创造性地学习新歌。

Apes can't do that. They are confined to the chords they're born with.
猿类没这个本领。它们只能发出天生就会的一些声音。

Insects can pulse together in rhythm, and apes don't have that.
昆虫可以有节奏地一起跳动，而猿类却不会。

So it's very odd that humans evolved from apes, who are not musical, but humans evolved music again from the ground-up from scratch.
所以人类从不懂音乐的猿类进化而来，然后又从零进化出了音乐，这很奇怪。

I'm Michael Spitzer. I'm Professor of Music at the University of Liverpool in the U.K.
我是迈克尔·斯皮策。是赢国利物浦大学的音乐教授。

I've written a book called "The Musical Human: A History of Life on Earth."
我写了一本书，叫《音乐人类：地球生命史》。

'Voyager 2, like Voyager 1 before it, is a marvel of technology. A remarkable instrument of humanity's search for celestial knowledge.'
‘旅行者2号和之前的旅行者1号一样，都是科技的奇迹。它是人类探索天体知识的重要工具。’

So when NASA sent the 'Golden Record' aboard Voyager, 40 years ago, this suggested a very interesting thought experiment because NASA stocked the record with diverse examples of human music.
40年前，当米国宇航局把“金唱片”放到旅行者号上时，这暗示了一个非常有趣的思想实验，因为米国宇航局在唱片中储存了各种各样的人类音乐。

For instance, a Bach-Brandenburg concerto, Chuck Berry's "Johnny B. Goode," pan pipes from the Solomon Islands, court music gamelan from Java.
比如巴赫-勃兰登堡协奏曲、查克·贝里的《约翰尼·b·古德》、所罗门群岛的排箫、爪哇的宫廷音乐佳美兰。

If we imagine aliens open this in a billion years, will they be able to extrapolate some common denominator, something fundamentally human from this assortment of Earth music?
想象一下，如果十亿年后，外星人打开它，他们能从这些地球音乐中推断出一些共同点，一些基本的人类的东西吗?

And this begs the question: What do they have in common?
这就引出了一个问题：它们有什么共同点?

Now, I think what they do have in common, even for an alien, is that sapiens are 'flatlanders.'
我觉得即便对外星人来说，他们也有一个共同点，那就是智人是“平地者”。

We inhabit a very narrow band of perceptual space.
我们居住在一个非常狭窄的感知空间里。

We can't hear as low as whales. We can't hear as high as bats.
我们听不到鲸鱼那么低频的声音。也听不到蝙蝠那么高频的声音。

Our songs aren't as long as whale songs, which can be 23-hours long.
我们的歌没有鲸鱼的歌那么长，鲸鱼的歌可能长达23个小时。

They aren't as fast as a Pipistrelle bat's song, which can be as short as a wing beat.
也没有伏翼蝙蝠的歌声那么快，伏翼蝙蝠的歌声可以像拍打翅膀一样短。

What they will see though, is a lot of commonality between sapiens' music and animal music.
他们会发现，人类的音乐和动物的音乐有很多共同点。

Both are hierarchical, as to say that we repeat at rising levels.
两者都是分层次的，也就是说我们会在不断上升的层次上重复。

Music is the art of repetition. You have notes on the bar.
音乐是重复的艺术。每个小节里都有音符。

You have bars repeated in a phrase. You have phrases in a section.
每个乐句里又有小节。每个章节里又有乐句。

Section in the work, and so on at infinitum.
每个作品里又有章节，以此类推，无穷无尽。

And that might strike aliens as interesting.
这可能会引起外星人的兴趣。

And they might say, "Well, actually this is not so different from animal music."
他们可能会觉得，“嗯，实际上这和动物音乐并没有太大的不同。”

But they will recognize sapiens for perhaps having this walking meter, which goes back to Australopithecus, four million years ago.
但他们可能会因为智人的行走仪表而认出他们，这种仪表可以追溯到400万年前的南方古猿。

When we talk about the origin of human music, it's really about assembling elements of music, which were synthesized much further down the road.
当我们谈论人类音乐的起源时，它其实就是关于音乐元素的组合，后来这些元素又被合成了。

And one of these elements was bipedalism.
其中一个元素就是两足行走。

That what marks the first hominins apart from apes, and our common ancestor, was getting up on our feet.
这标志着第一批人类与猿类以及我们共同的祖先的不同，他们是站起来的。

There is this link between rhythm and emotion, which is due to the connections in the human brain between the motor regions controlling our motion and the regions controlling hearing.
节奏和情绪之间有种联系，因为人类大脑中控制运动的运动区域和控制听觉的区域之间存在关联。

For example, I once attended a concert with my infant toddler, and there were a thousand toddlers all jumping up and down instinctively to the orchestra playing the "Lone Ranger."
例如，有一次我带着蹒跚学步的婴儿去听音乐会，现场有上千个蹒跚学步的孩子随着乐队演奏的《独行侠》本能地上下跳动。

Now, they had never heard the "Lone Ranger" before, but they had an instinctive response to that rhythm.
他们以前从未听过《独行侠》，但他们会对这种节奏做出本能反应。

So, walking is the first step of a whole cascade of evolutionary adaptations.
所以，行走是一系列进化适应的第一步。

Our cranial volume triples in size; we become a lot smarter.
我们的颅容量增加了三倍；我们变得更聪明了。

And with our increased brain size, comes a capacity to control our fingers, to make links with the motor domains of our brain.
随着大脑体积的增大，我们掌握了控制手指的能力，并且能与大脑的运动区域建立联系。

They become more dextrous and ultimately more capable of crafting flutes and playing them.
手指变得更加灵巧，最终它们能制作和演奏长笛。

But standing up also gives us more space to breathe.
但站立也让我们有了更多的呼吸空间。

And our larynx descends through our vocal tracts.
而且我们的喉部向下穿过声道。

Our Hyoid bone, which supports our tongue, evolves so we can articulate what we sing.
我们支撑着舌头的舌骨得到了进化，让我们能够清晰地歌唱。

And as our vocal tract learned how to produce an infinitely greater variety of sounds, our capacity to make sounds exceeded their function.
当我们的声道学会了发出不计其数的声音种类，我们发出声音的能力就超过了它本身的功能。

If you compare us with, say, the Vervet monkey, they can make four kinds of calls.
比如，拿人类和绿猴相比，它们可以发出四种叫声。

And each call warns other monkeys of a particular kind of danger.
每一种叫声都可以警告其他猴子某种特定的危险。

But when you can produce a thousand kinds of sounds, there's an excess of sounds.
但是当你能发出一千种声音时，声音种类就过多了。

And this is where music starts to become a possibility where you're playing with sound, you're enjoying sound for sound's sake, no longer having a function.
于是音乐便成为了可能，你会用声音去演奏，你会享受声音本身，而不仅仅只是它的功能。

And at this point, I think, human music steps away from animal vocalization or animal calls.
我觉得在这一点上，人类的音乐与动物的叫声是完全不一样的。

What also makes human music so distinctive is the very human drives of emotions.
人类的音乐之所以与众不同，另一个原因是人类有情感驱动。

And indeed, the finite quality of human life. Sadness, happiness, anger, fear, and so on.
事实上，人类生命的质量有限。悲伤、快乐、愤怒、恐惧，等等。

We have mirror neurons in our brains.
我们的大脑中有镜像神经元。

If you're sad, I instinctively cleave to your sadness.
如果你感到悲伤，我会本能地跟着你悲伤。

I mirror it, I emote with you- and that's the same with music.
我会反射出它，我会和你共情——音乐也是如此。

When I hear a sad song, my body, my mirror neurons are instinctively sympathizing or mirroring the human sadness and code it in that sad song.
听到悲伤的歌曲时，我的身体，我的镜像神经元会本能地去同情或反射出人类的悲伤，并将其编入悲伤的歌曲中。

And music is full of similar responses. Music is made of patterns.
音乐中到处都是类似的反应。音乐是由模式组成的。

And patterns can either be allowed to run their course, or they can be frustrated through shots.
模式要么可以自行发展，要么也可以通过敲击声来破坏。

And when we hear a shot in music- it can be a bang, or the interruption of a pattern- that engages the same faculties in our brain as danger out in the field.
我们在音乐中听到敲击声时，可能是一声巨响，也可能是模式的中断，我们大脑中的官能会感觉就像在野外遇到了危险一样。

But of course, nobody dies in music; this is only a derived effect of that.
当然，没有人会在音乐中死去；它只是一个衍生结果。

This is why we think that music is able to express emotion in a very visceral way.
所以我们认为音乐能够以一种发自内心的方式去表达情感。

Music is a fantastic way of expressing your deepest emotions and your identity, which can't be captured by language.
音乐是一种奇妙的方式，它可以表达你最深刻的情感和你的身份，这是用语言无法捕捉的。

Why is that? Because music is far too precise for words to capture what's going on.
为什么呢?因为音乐太精确了，无法用语言表达。

And there's a reason why teenagers imprint their taste in music with songs they learn at that time.
青少年的音乐品味与他们在青少年时期所听的歌曲有关，这是有原因的。

Because music has always come to define the identity of who you are.
因为音乐总是能定义你是谁。

So the question of is music a universal language is an interesting one because, on the surface, music is absolutely universal.
所以音乐是否是一种通用语言这个问题很有趣，因为从表面上看，音乐绝对是通用的。

What humans brought to the table is that we're the great synthesizers- we've put together the rhythms of insects, the melody of birds, the gestural sociality of apes.
人类带来的是我们是伟大的合成器——我们把昆虫的节奏、鸟类的旋律、类人猿的手势社会性结合在了一起。