介绍： “The key question involves the statute that says police ‘shall arrest or if an arrest would be impractical under the circumstances, seek a warrant for the arrest’ of somebody they have probably cause to believe has violated a restraining order.”斯卡利亚认为”shall“不是强制性的，所以警察有裁量权。美国最高...

介绍： “The key question involves the statute that says police ‘shall arrest or if an arrest would be impractical under the circumstances, seek a warrant for the arrest’ of somebody they have probably cause to believe has violated a restraining order.”斯卡利亚认为”shall“不是强制性的，所以警察有裁量权。美国最高法院关于宪法权利的论证，很多时候会争论这个权利是positive right，还是passive right，安格鲁撒克逊的传统是说，宪法是给予公民抵御政府的侵犯的权利，也就是通常只承认消极权利。但什么是消极权利，什么是积极权利，本身是有论证空间的。比如斯卡利亚在Obergefell案的异议意见中，就说同性婚姻就是一种积极权利，开这个口子之后，是不是大家没工作要去找政府要工作，没房的要去找政府安排住房等等。